OnlyBoth : References

References

1.	Information on numbers and ages of the undergrad and graduate student body is from the file enrollment by age, gender, attendance status, and level of student: Fall 2012 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
2.	College geographic information is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
3.	Northeastern-ness is calculated as the sum of latitude and longitude, both from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
4.	Northwestern-ness is calculated as latitude minus longitude, both from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
5.	The regions of the country are divided into New England, Mid Atlantic, Southeast, Southwest, Far West, Rocky Mountains, Great Lakes, Plains, and Outlying Areas.
6.	Data on participation in Title IV is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
7.	The type of college is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics and combines public/private, profit/nonprofit, length of degree program, etc (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
8.	Data on public/private and profit/nonprofit status is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
9.	Information on types of degree granted is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
10.	Medical degrees include Medicine, Dentistry, Osteopathic Medicine, and Veterinary Medicine and are from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
11.	Whether a college is historically black is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
12.	Whether a college has a hospital is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
13.	Whether a college is tribal is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
14.	Whether a college is active is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
15.	Whether a college is rural, suburban, or in a town, city, or big city, is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
16.	Whether a college is research intensive is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
17.	Whether a college is a land-grant institution is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
18.	The college's size is from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
19.	The college's religious affiliation (if any) is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
20.	Whether a college is open admission is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
21.	The numbers of male and female full-time freshmen is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
22.	College SAT data is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds). Note that only about 41% of all colleges in this dataset reported at least one numeric SAT score.
23.	Whether a college requires test scores (SAT or ACT) for undergraduate admission is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
24.	The total 75th-percentile SAT score is calculated as the sum of the math, reading, and writing 75th-percentile scores, using college SAT data from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds). Note that only about 41% of all colleges in this dataset reported at least one numeric SAT score.
25.	Whether a college offers ROTC is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
26.	Whether a college offers study abroad is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
27.	Information on football athletic conferences is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
28.	Information on complete courses of study during weekends or evenings is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
29.	Whether a college offers teacher certification is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
30.	NCAA membership is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
31.	The type of academic calendar is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
32.	The application fee is the undergrad application fee from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
33.	Information on dorm capacity and on-campus housing is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
34.	Whether a college offers a meal plan is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
35.	The costs of room and board are from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
36.	The number of total first-year applicants is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
37.	The percentage of disabled students is from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
38.	The top 100 party schools in 2013-2014 are as reported by http://FiestaFrog.com.
39.	Tuition and fees are from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
40.	The tuition & fees increase over the last three years refers to the 2009-10 and 2012-13 periods from the Institutional Characteristics Data File 2012-2013 (Provisional Release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
41.	Teaching salaries for men and women are from the Salary Outlays for Full-time Instructional Staff by Contract Length, Gender, and Academic Rank: 2011-12 (Final/revised release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
42.	The number of foreign students is from the 12-month Unduplicated Head Count Data File, 2011-12 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
43.	The number of yearly for-credit students is from the 12-month Unduplicated Head Count Data File, 2011-12 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
44.	The percentage of ethnic groups or other types of students among all full-time students is calculated from the 12-month Unduplicated Head Count Data File, 2011-12 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
45.	The percentage of minorities (American Indians or Alaska Natives, Asians or Pacific Islanders, Blacks or African Americans, and Hispanics) among full-time students is calculated from the 12-month Unduplicated Head Count Data File, 2011-12 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
46.	Whether a college plays NCAA division I/FBS football was determined from the NCAA website in Feb 2014.
47.	Using listings on college alumni who reached the NFL from http://www.pro-football-reference.com/colleges/ and other websites like Wikipedia, we matched each player's colleges-attended with a specific institution as designated in the federal IPEDS database. Some interpretation and error correction were needed because sometimes colleges merge, close down, change names, and share identical names across different states.
48.	The Webometrics world ranking of universities refers to the first 2014 version from Webometrics.info.
49.	The 2013 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) is published at http://www.ShanghaiRanking.com.
50.	The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2013-2014 is published at http://www.TimesHigherEducation.co.uk.
51.	The 2012 Forbes Best Buys ranking is archived at http://www.esf.edu/welcome/Forbes_Best_Buys_2012.pdf.
52.	Information on majors and programs of study is from the Completions Data File, 2011-12 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds). Sometimes Data File entries are combined into an umbrella major, e.g., a "Spanish major" is counted if there is a Data File entry for either 16.0905 (Spanish Language and Literature) or 16.0908 (Hispanic and Latin American Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, General), but not 16.0900 (Romance Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, General).
53.	Information on majors and programs of study is from the Completions Data File, 2011-12 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds). Top majors are the ones that have the most conferred degrees. If it says "is in" rather than just "is", then various top majors were combined into a new attribute. For example, colleges whose top major is "in engineering" will include a college whose top major is chemical engineering, another whose top major is electrical engineering, and so on.
54.	Information on majors is from the Completions Data File, 2011-12 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds). Here, the religious fields include Bible/Biblical Studies; Theology/Theological Studies; Theological and Ministerial Studies, Other; Theology and Religious Vocations, Other; Pre-Theology/Pre-Ministerial Studies; Talmudic Studies; Divinity/Ministry; Religious Education; Religion/Religious Studies; Religion/Religious Studies, Other; Pastoral Studies/Counseling; Youth Ministry; Jewish/Judaic Studies; Missions/Missionary Studies and Missiology; Christian Studies; Urban Ministry; and Clinical Pastoral Counseling/Patient Counseling.
55.	The top 100 happiest schools in 2010 are as reported by the Daily Beast at http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2010/04/11/the-100-happiest-colleges.html
56.	The data on Men's NCAA Division I Final Four appearances is from Wikipedia, and is current through the 2014 series.
57.	The 2014 US News National Liberal Arts College Rankings is at http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges.
58.	The 2014 US News MBA ranking is at http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-business-schools.
59.	The 2014 US News Law School ranking is at http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools.
60.	Endowment per full-time student refers to endowment assets per FTE enrollment at the end of fiscal year 2012 (GASB or FASB), as made available at IPEDS by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
61.	Elevations are calculated by http://www.GPSVisualizer.com from the latitude and longitude from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
62.	Property crimes refer to annual burglary, robbery, and motor vehicle theft and are averaged over the period 2010-2012 as reported by the Office of Postsecondary Education at the Department of Education (http://www.ope.ed.gov/security). Colleges with less than 100 for-credit students are disregarded.
63.	Spending on research and public services is from the Finance Data File 2009 (Revised March 2012) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
64.	Data on in-state and out-of-state enrollments is from the file residence and migration of first-time undergraduate students: Fall 2012 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
65.	Distance calculations between two colleges use a mathematical formula for the distance on a sphere between two points.
66.	The members of the American Association of Universities were determined in Feb 2014 at aau.edu.
67.	The Phi Beta Kappa chapters were determined in Feb 2014 at http://www.pbk.org.
68.	The top Green colleges as chosen by the Princeton Review and U.S. Green Building Council were determined in Feb 2014 at http://www.princetonreview.com/green.aspx.
69.	The Chi Omega fraternity chapters were determined in Feb 2014 at http://chiomega.com.
70.	The Kappa Sigma fraternity chapters were determined in Feb 2014 at http://kappasigma.org.
71.	Colleges that take the Common Application were determined in Feb 2014 at http://www.commonapp.org. Some interpretation is needed when the Common Application institution does not correspond to a single, entire college.
72.	The data on undergrad loans, financial aid, and Pell grants are from the Student Financial Aid Data File, 2011-12 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
73.	Student retention data are from the file total entering class, retention rates, and student-to-faculty ratio: Fall 2012 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
74.	The student-faculty ratios are from the file total entering class, retention rates, and student-to-faculty ratio: Fall 2012 (Provisional release) as reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
75.	Student density refers to the total number of yearly for-credit students within a 5-mile radius, using enrollment data from the 12-month Unduplicated Head Count Data File, 2011-12 (Provisional release) and latitude/longitude data from the IPEDS Directory, 2012-13 (Provisional release) by the National Center for Education Statistics (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
76.	Mainland colleges are in the 48 contiguous states (which exclude Alaska and Hawaii) plus District of Columbia.
77.	The Wall St. Journal published a top-50 feeder ranking by analyzing the top 15 graduate schools to see where their incoming graduate students got their undergraduate degrees, while taking into account the size of the undergraduate institution. (ref: http://www.inpathways.net/top50feeder.pdf)
78.	The colleges that U.S. Presidents attended are listed at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education.
79.	The list of Rhodes Scholars by institution was determined in Feb 2014, covering all winners through 2013, from http://www.rhodesscholar.org.
80.	To measure how prominent are diversity and inclusion on a college's website, we divided the number of hits on a search query for those two words by the number of hits on a search for the query excellence OR achievement, both queries using the Google API. If the latter query does not report at least 100 hits, then the value entered is N/A. The data were collected in February 2014.
81.	Weather data comes from NOAA'S 1981-2010 Climate Normals data files at NOAA's National Climatic Data Center, using the closest weather station to each college, as determined by distance calculations using the latitude and longitude of the weather station and of the college, as listed in the IPEDS directory (http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds).
82.	Mid-career median salary rankings are from the 2014 college salary report at http://www.payscale.com/college-salary-report-2014.
83.	The primary affiliations of the living, U.S. resident members of the National Academy of Sciences were determined at http://www.nasonline.org in late February 2014 and were matched to IPEDS institutions using some interpretation, since not all affiliations are clearly part (or not) of an IPEDS-listed institution.